Magnus T. Bernhardsson, professor of Middle Eastern history at Williams College, is the author of "Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq."
The book, published by University of Texas Press, chronicles the history of archeology in Iraq and analyzes the strong link that has developed between archaeology and Iraqi nationalism.
The April 2003 looting of the Iraqi National Museum caused a world outcry at the loss of what was perceived as all of humanity's shared historical artifacts. This, however, was not the first time that Iraqi antiquities were plundered; the peoples of the Middle East have watched as time and time again Western archaeologists excavated and appropriated Iraqi antiquities, especially under the British Mandate.
Struggling to find a national identity since Iraq was created in 1921, Iraq has engaged in a battle of political power directly tied to the control of its archaeological patrimony. The modern state used the study of archaeology to forge a contemporary connection to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Islamic empires to build a sense of nationhood among Iraqis of differing religious traditions and ethnicities.
Bernhardsson explores the political struggle as he traces the transformation of Iraq's archaeology enterprise from its "international" stage to the "national" stage, discussing shifts in power through a theme of removal and return of the artifacts.
The book considers the work of British archaeologists who conducted extensive excavation in Iraq and sent their findings to the museums of Europe; "their attitudes, methods, and ultimate success may help explain why many Iraqis viewed these activities with suspicion; archaeology was not perceived to be a neutral science, but integral part of the imperialist enterprise."
Bernhardsson traces how Iraqi's growing sense of nationhood led them to confront the British over antiquities law and the division of archaeological finds between Iraq and foreign excavators. He shows how Iraq's control over its archaeological patrimony was directly tied to the balance of political power and how this increased as power shifted to the Iraqi government. And, he examines how Iraqi leaders, including Saddam Hussein, used archaeology and history to legitimize the state and its political actions.
"Reclaiming a Plundered Past" addresses the controversy of "what makes 'Iraq' Iraq?" and the importance of owning a national narrative that could weave the country together through one commonality.
Before coming to Williams in 2003, Bernhardsson taught modern Islamic and Middle Eastern history at Hofstra University. He has also taught at the University of Rhode Island and the College of Holy Cross.
He graduated from the University of Iceland in Reykjavik in 1990 and received his doctorate in history, with distinction, from Yale University in 1999.
In addition to "Reclaiming a Plundered Past," Bernhardsson is the author of "PÃslarvottar NútÃmans" (2005) (translates into English as "Modernity's Martyrs") and the co-editor of "Imagining the End: Visions of Apocalypse from the Ancient Middle East to Contemporary America" (2001).
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It's a great book if anyone wants to know about the Iraqi civilization and history.Kudos th the publisher for making it possible.
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Pratul Link Building
WILLIAMSTOWN, Mass. — The Finance Committee last week began its review of an "unexciting" fiscal year 2027 budget while continuing to monitor an unappealing trend line that could see the town facing a Proposition 2 1/2 override as soon as FY29.
Town meeting will have the levy capacity to approve the FY27 budget as drafted and presented by the town manager on Wednesday, partly because the spending plan for the year that begins on July 1 includes just one noteworthy increase in discretionary municipal spending.
As drafted, the FY27 budget would result in a projected 7.69 percent in the property tax levy from the current fiscal year — pending the final numbers from the town's largest cost center, the Mount Greylock Regional School District, which will not finalize its assessments to its member towns until March 19.
The town hall side of spending is up by about 2.8 percent in the proposed budget. Most of that is attributable to cost-of-living increases for current employees and fixed costs, like the town's contribution for employees' health insurance.
"The one thing I would say is apologies for bringing a boring budget forward that doesn't have a lot of excitement," Town Manager Robert Menicocci told the Finance Committee. "But with this audience, it's, 'Hey, we brought something really exciting to you guys. The growth is modest given all the pressures that are out there.'
"We're maintaining services as we know them. I think that's really strong news given the pressures that are out there. There's no erosion of services. There's no erosion of staff. We haven't had to go through a cut exercise. Still, that's at the expense of relying on the taxpayer to pay more taxes this upcoming year."
Finance Director David Fierro Jr. told the Fin Comm that most of the increases in expenses are because of the town's negotiated cost-of-living adjustments. He also included an estimated 9 percent increase in the assessment from Mount Greylock and a 10 percent increase in the much smaller assessment from the Northern Berkshire Vocational Regional School District (McCann Technical School).
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